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Collective unconscious, a term coined by Carl Jung, refers to structures of the unconscious mind which are shared among beings of the same species. According to Jung, the human collective unconscious is populated by instincts and by archetypes: universal symbols such as the Great Mother, the Wise Old Man, the Shadow, the Tower, Water, the Tree of Life, and many more. Jung considered the collective unconscious to underpin and surround the unconscious mind, distinguishing it from the personal unconscious of Freudian psychoanalysis. He argued that the collective unconscious had profound influence on the lives of individuals, who lived out its symbols and clothed them in meaning through their experiences. The psychotherapeutic practice of analytical psychology revolves around examining the patient's relationship to the collective unconscious. Psychiatrist and Jungian analyst Lionel Corbett argues that the contemporary terms "autonomous psyche" or "objective psyche" are more commonly used today in the practice of depth psychology rather than the traditional term of the "collective unconscious." Critics of the collective unconscious concept have called it unscientific and fatalistic, or otherwise very difficult to test scientifically (due to the mythical aspect of the collective unconscious) for those faith-based scientists.〔Introduction to Psychology, 5th edition〕 Proponents suggest that it is borne out by findings of psychology, neuroscience, and anthropology. == Basic explanation == The name "collective unconscious" first appeared in Jung's 1916 essay, "The Structure of the Unconscious".〔Young-Eisendrath & Dawson, ''Cambridge Companion to Jung'' (2008), "Chronology" (pp. xxiii–xxxvii). According to the 1953 ''Collected Works'' editors, the 1916 essay was translated by M. Marsen from German into French and published as "La Structure de l'inconscient" in ''Archives de Psychologie'' XVI (1916); they state that the original German manuscript no longer exists.〕 This essay distinguishes between the "personal", Freudian unconscious, filled with sexual fantasies and repressed images, and the "collective" unconscious encompassing the soul of humanity at large.〔Jung, ''Collected Works'' vol. 7 (1953), "The Structure of the Unconscious" (1916), ¶437–507 (pp. 263–292).〕 In "The Significance of Constitution and Heredity in Psychology" (November 1929), Jung wrote: And the essential thing, psychologically, is that in dreams, fantasies, and other exceptional states of mind the most far-fetched mythological motifs and symbols can appear autochthonously at any time, often, apparently, as the result of particular influences, traditions, and excitations working on the individual, but more often without any sign of them. These "primordial images" or "archetypes," as I have called them, belong to the basic stock of the unconscious psyche and cannot be explained as personal acquisitions. Together they make up that psychic stratum which has been called the collective unconscious. On October 19, 1936, Jung delivered a lecture "The Concept of the Collective Unconscious" to the Abernethian Society at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London.〔Jung, ''Collected Works'' vol. 9.I (1959), "The Concept of the Collective Unconscious" (1936), p. 42. Editors' note: "Originally given as a lecture to the Abernethian Society at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, on October 19, 1936, and published in the Hospital's ''Journal'', XLIV (1936/37), 46–49, 64–66. The present version has been slightly revised by the author and edited in terminology."〕 He said: My thesis then, is as follows: in addition to our immediate consciousness, which is of a thoroughly personal nature and which we believe to be the only empirical psyche (even if we tack on the personal unconscious as an appendix), there exists a second psychic system of a collective, universal, and impersonal nature which is identical in all individuals. This collective unconscious does not develop individually but is inherited. It consists of pre-existent forms, the archetypes, which can only become conscious secondarily and which give definite form to certain psychic contents.〔C. G. Jung, ''The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious'' (London 1996) p. 43〕 Jung linked the collective unconscious to 'what Freud called "archaic remnants" – mental forms whose presence cannot be explained by anything in the individual's own life and which seem to be aboriginal, innate, and inherited shapes of the human mind'.〔C. G. Jung, ''Man and his Symbols'' (London 1978) p. 57〕 He credited Freud for developing his "primal horde" theory in ''Totem and Taboo'' and continued further with the idea of an archaic ancestor maintaining its influence in the minds of present-day humans. Every modern man, he wrote, "however high his conscious development, is still an archaic man at the deeper levels of his psyche."〔Singer, ''Culture and the Collective Unconscious'' (1968), pp. 30–31. Quoting Jung, ''Collected Works'' vol. 10 (1964), "Archaic Man" (1931), ¶105 (p. 51).〕 As modern humans go through their process of individuation, moving out of the collective unconscious into mature selves, they establish a persona—which can be understood simply as that small portion of the collective psyche which they embody, perform, and identify with.〔Singer, ''Culture and the Collective Unconscious'' (1968), p. 122. "The contents which refuse to fit into this image which man tries to present to his world are either overlooked and forgotten, or repressed and denied. What is left is an arbitrary segment of collective psyche, which Jung has called the persona. The word persona is appropriate, since it originalyl meant the mask worn by an actor, signifying the role he played."〕 The collective unconscious exerts overwhelming influence on the minds of individuals. These effects of course vary widely, since they involve virtually every emotion and situation. At times, the collective unconscious can terrify, but it can also heal.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「collective unconscious」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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